ࡱ> VXUq` 5bjbjqPqP 7H::*% ppp8$$ z*"44444)))))))$0+h-* 44  *444* 44) )'y)4 PFRpU()J*0z*i(0.j0.(y)0.y)4V~B444**yp444z*       d p   p     SOMALIA JOINT NEEDS ASSESSMENT PRODUCTIVE SECTORS AND ENVIRONMENT CLUSTER Summary of Meeting on Preliminary Conclusions of Cluster Field Visit (10 February, 2006) Background This was the second meeting of the friends of the Productive Sectors and Environment Cluster in Nairobi. The first meeting was held on 17 November, 2005. This meeting followed a field visit to Somalia by cluster members in January. The purpose of the meeting was to review a paper prepared after the field visit (distributed before the meeting) which provided some preliminary conclusions and indicated the direction that the report would probably take on most of the main issues to be covered by the Cluster. The paper has been revised in the light of comments made at the meeting and is attached to this summary. Twenty two people attended the meeting including seven members of the Cluster. The following is a brief summary of the main points made at the meeting which discussed the preliminary conclusions in the paper and also a number of issues not included in the paper. Environment Toxic Wastes. There was general agreement with the challenges facing the marine environment, forests and rangelands with the added comment that the objective of improving or regaining Somalias considerable biodiversity should be addressed. It was suggested that toxic wastes, which were not mentioned in the paper distributed, should nevertheless still be a significant focus of the Cluster report. On the other hand it was pointed out that substantial testing had not found evidence of toxic wastes in areas where it was thought to have washed ashore following the tsunami late in 2004. Economic Evaluation. It was suggested that environmental issues should also be analyzed from an economic point of view to assess the economic benefits of addressing environmental against the costs of action programs. A number of references were suggested that the team may not have been aware of. Enforcement of Regulations. The importance of enforcement of environmental laws and regulations, and the capacity building implications were emphasized. At the same time it was also underlined that it could be far better to design appropriate incentives for achieving certain goals including the environment. Both points were taken since the final package of actions to address environmental degradation would probably need to be a mixture of incentives and enforcement. Reforestation. UNEP advised that there were successful models available from countries such as Chad for reforestation under the hard conditions that exist in Northern Somalia. Nevertheless, it was pointed out that despite the importance of finding sustainable solutions to reforestation under conditions such in Northern Somalia, it posed a huge problem because localized improvements could not be the answer to the widespread devastation. Livestock Sector Vision for the Livestock Sector. The paper distributed had suggested a gradual change to a different model for the organization of livestock production from a dominant trade in relatively mature live sheep and goats to one in which the off take would be at a younger age as carcasses to specialized markets thereby reducing the stress on natural grasslands and being able to reduce the number of grazing animals during the dry season. Rangeland Use and Livestock Productivity. While most participants agreed with the goal of improving the productivity of the livestock sector, there was some who expressed concern about the implications on the environment and some who argued against the model proposed in the paper on the basis that it would not be feasible. There was no agreement on these issues, but it is clear that improvements in productivity (as opposed to increases in production) would not necessarily damage the environment. With respect to the model for future livestock management and production, it is likely that a younger age for off-take will reduce the pressure on grazing resources because the proportion of older animals which gain and then loose weight over a period of three years under the traditional system will be reduced. Economics of Production. Questions were also asked about quantitative issues because most of the paper was read as being qualitative with little attention to benefits, costs and markets. In particular questions were raised about the trend in the type of future markets for livestock. While the mission has not completed its analytical work on this, the vision for future production is in the context that future markets will change and there will be a stronger market for younger, high quality sheep and goat carcasses in meat markets in the Gulf and Europe. This is already an emerging trend, but quality levels at present are inadequate and the lack of a commercial banking system in Somalia is a substantial constraint on formal trade and the reliability of payments. Agriculture (Annual and Perennial Crops) Future Prospects for Agriculture. Questions were raised about the future profitability and sustainability of three types of environments for agricultural production, namely (a) integrated rain-fed cropping and livestock production; (b) oasis agriculture; (c) irrigated agriculture in the Shabelle and Juba. These are matters that are still under investigation and the conclusions from the sub-cluster investigations will determine development and investment strategies. A few responses based on thinking so far were, however, suggested. The vulnerability of integrated rain-fed cropping and livestock production to drought is acknowledged, but this is a challenge producers have faced for centuries and historically strategies have been widely used for grain storage and livestock management to ride out the drought years and take advantage of the good years. Oasis agriculture is fragile and needs to be monitored because it depends on a public resource and hence the private use of this resource needs to be managed. The core of the issues in the irrigation areas is the future benefits and costs from irrigated production. This will be evaluated, but on the basis of current data and analysis the justification for rehabilitation of the irrigation systems is justified. HIV/AIDS Role of the Private Sector. The leader of the HIV/AIDS cross-cutting cluster suggested that the private sector could play an important role in addressing the rising problem of HIV/AIDS in all Somali regions. Given the very weak public infrastructure for dealing with HIV infections and curative protocols, it was suggested that the private companies above a certain size (number of employees) could play a role by providing registered clinics as part of a companys infrastructure for ensuring the health of their employees, which at the same time could undertake HIV screening and the implementation of curative protocols. This approach is being used in South Africa and Botswana and, if well organized in Somali regions, it may be possible to use the funds available from the World Bank-managed AIDS fund to finance the screening and curative programs through companies on a charge back basis. Such an arrangement, it was suggested, could resolve part of an enormous implementation bottleneck in addressing the HIV/AIDS problem in Somalia. The team undertook to assess this proposal. General Issues While the subjects above formed the dominant focus for discussion at the meeting, a number of other important points were made as recorded below in no particular order. Public/Private Partnerships. The role of public/private partnerships should be an important organizing framework for the work of the cluster. The team agreed completely. Emergency Preparedness and Food Security. Plans for emergency preparedness and the problems of food security during these emergencies should also be considered as part of the activities of the Productive Cluster. The team agreed to include an assessment of the role of the public and private sector during periods of drought, but pointed out that the likely conclusion would be that farmers and livestock herders needed to understand that they had considerable responsibilities for their own drought strategies and that public sector responsibilities, while important, would probably need to be confined in Somalia to early warning systems, and information systems on the locations of drought and drought strategies such as has been done by the Food Security Analysis Unit for Somalia which has done an outstanding job. In broad terms Somalias preparedness for emergencies and resolving food security will be enhanced once a comprehensive peace and security has been reached and food markets become more efficient and allow food to move quickly from surplus to deficit areas through internal and international trade. It would do this in partnership with the Cluster for Livelihoods and the Displaced Peoples. Integration and Rehabilitation of People. The team acknowledged the importance of this area. While this is the primary responsibility of the Livelihoods and Displaced Peoples Cluster, the team would collaborate with that cluster because the productive sectors would be significant sources of employment for the displaced and others. Training by the private sector will also be a major contribution to the rehabilitation and reintegration process. Investment Gaps. It was said that there was a need to identify the gaps in investments in order to be clear about public sector investment needs. Such gaps will certainly be identified by the team but in the context of an overall strategy and an analysis of priorities. The most challenging task for this cluster is not to identify gaps for public investment because there are numerous such gaps. Rather the challenge will be to decide on the criteria (economic and non-economic) with which to evaluate the priorities for future action and financing of those gaps in the short and medium term. As has already been noted there will be three types of actions on which the team will focus, namely policies, institutions and investments. It is possible that policies might be the most important for this cluster. A number of the public investment gaps that need to be filled (e.g. main roads) will be the responsibility of the Infrastructure Cluster with which this team has consulted in considerable detail. Qat. The problems associated with qat consumption were also raised as issues for this cluster. While the qat issues are being addressed as part of the Social Services Cluster, it is certainly relevant to this cluster. The team has found that the private sector is addressing the issue by, among other things, refusing to employ those who chew qat. Other strategies will include longer working hours so that the opportunities for chewing qat are constrained.  A summary of that meeting is available from either Chris Baker (chrisfbaker@btopenworld,com) or Jack van Holst Pellekaan ( HYPERLINK "mailto:jvanholstpelleka@worldbank.org" jvanholstpelleka@worldbank.org)  A list of those who attended the meeting is not attached, but all those who attended plus the core group of friends will receive this summary.  A study by IUCN on maritime resources around Somalia and a study by DFID on illegal trawling.  The meeting was informed that the average incidence of HIV infections was now on average above the critical level of 1 percent for all Somali regions. In Somaliland it is about 1.5 percent and in Berbera it is reported to be approaching 3 percent.     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